Targeted manipulation of grain shape genes effectively improves outcrossing rate and hybrid seed production in rice

                Xinyu Zhu, Yajun Gou, Yueqin Heng, Wenyan Ding, Yajing Li, Degui Zhou, Xiaoqing Li, Churong Liang, Chuanyin Wu, Haiyang Wang, Rongxin Shen
                Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2023, 21(2): 381-390  DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13959;      追溯原文......本站官方QQ群:62473826
                hybrid rice; stigma exsertion rate; GS3GW8GS9
                1 State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
                2 Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
                3 Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
                4 Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China

                Stigma exsertion rate (SER) of the male sterile line is a key limiting factor for hybrid seed production in rice. Although a large number of quantitative trait loci associated with SER have been reported, few genes have been molecularly cloned and functionally characterized, severely hindering the genetic improvement of SER of the male sterile line and the breeding efficiency of hybrid rice. In this study, we identified three grain shape regulatory genes, GS3, GW8 and GS9, as potential candidate genes for targeted manipulation of grain shape and SER. We show that simultaneously knocking out these three genes could effectively increase SER by increasing the ratio of spikelet length/spikelet width and length of stigma and style, without negative impacts on other agronomic traits. Cellular examination and transcriptomic analyses revealed a role of these genes in coordinated regulation of transverse and longitudinal cell division in the pistils. Moreover, we demonstrate that targeted manipulation of these grain shape genes could significantly improve the outcrossing rate in both the ZH11 (a japonica variety) and Zhu6S (an indica male sterile line) backgrounds. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms of rice SER regulation and develop an effective strategy to improve SER and out-crossing rate in rice, thus facilitating hybrid rice production.

                靶向操縱粒形基因有效提高水稻異交率和雜交種子產(chǎn)量

                雜交水稻是水稻增產(chǎn)的最重要途徑。在水稻雜交制種過程中,高柱頭外露率的不育系是提高制種產(chǎn)量的關(guān)鍵。雖然已經(jīng)報(bào)道了大量與柱頭外露率相關(guān)的數(shù)量性狀位點(diǎn),但極少有基因被克隆和功能表征,嚴(yán)重阻礙了不育系柱頭外露率的遺傳改良和育種效率的提高。因此,挖掘水稻柱頭外露率的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因?qū)μ岣唠s交水稻的制種產(chǎn)量具有重要價(jià)值。該研究提出了一種挖掘柱頭外露新基因的有效策略,通過對已克隆的粒型基因的系統(tǒng)分析,鑒定到了調(diào)控柱頭外露率的關(guān)鍵基因GS3、GW8GS9。利用CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯技術(shù)創(chuàng)制了GS3、GW8GS9的單突與多突變體,發(fā)現(xiàn)gs3/gw8/gs9顯著提高秈稻和粳稻的柱頭外露率(提升至50%以上)和雜交制種產(chǎn)量,且不影響水稻的生長發(fā)育與農(nóng)藝性狀,在雜交稻育種上具有重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。研究還探究了突變體柱頭外露率提高的細(xì)胞與分子基礎(chǔ)。本研究為水稻柱頭外露率調(diào)控機(jī)制的解析奠定了重要基礎(chǔ),為高柱頭外露率不育系的培育提供了有效策略。
                  水稻柱頭外露是指柱頭在穎花開放時(shí)露出并一直留在穎花外部的現(xiàn)象。研究人員將柱頭外露的穎花數(shù)量占總穎花數(shù)量的比率稱為柱頭外露率(Stigma exsertion rate, SER),是衡量水稻異交能力的關(guān)鍵性狀。在雜交水稻制種過程中,雜交制種產(chǎn)量與不育系的柱頭外露率正相關(guān)。
                  前人研究表明,水稻高柱頭外露率與水稻的穎花和柱頭的長度正相關(guān),與寬度負(fù)相關(guān)。本研究首先通過對穎花和柱頭的發(fā)育過程的觀察,進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)水稻穎花和柱頭的發(fā)育過程密切相關(guān)。因此,為了挖掘水稻柱頭外露率的調(diào)控基因,本研究對已克隆的調(diào)控穎花大小的基因進(jìn)行了表達(dá)、功能及遺傳效應(yīng)的綜合分析,篩選出了GS3,GW8和GS9作為候選柱頭外露關(guān)鍵基因。這些基因是穎花長度的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)或穎花寬度的正調(diào)節(jié)因子,且GS3,GW8和GS9的 表達(dá)趨勢與柱頭的發(fā)育趨勢一致。更重要的是,它們的功能喪失可以提高谷物質(zhì)量且不會對水稻的其他農(nóng)藝性狀產(chǎn)生不利影響。
                  進(jìn)一步利用CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯技術(shù)創(chuàng)制了GS3、GW8和GS9單突,雙突和三突突變體,通過對它們的穎花,柱頭和柱頭外露率表型進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)gs3、gw8和gs9都參與了穎花和柱頭的發(fā)育調(diào)控,影響其長度或?qū)挾?,進(jìn)而提高柱頭外露率,而且三突的柱頭外露率提高可提升至50%以上。更重要的是,gs3/gw8/gs9對水稻的生長發(fā)育和農(nóng)藝性狀無負(fù)面影響。
                  另外,對三突的穎花和柱頭進(jìn)行了細(xì)胞學(xué)觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)gs3/gw8/gs9促進(jìn)穎花和柱頭細(xì)胞的縱向分裂和抑制其橫向細(xì)胞分裂。轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析表明野生型ZH11與突變體雌蕊差異表達(dá)基因富集在細(xì)胞分裂、微管結(jié)合活性、細(xì)胞壁重塑等生物學(xué)過程中,與細(xì)胞學(xué)觀察結(jié)果一致。
                  最后,為了驗(yàn)證gs3/gw8/gs9柱頭外露率的提升能否增加異交率,研究進(jìn)一步比較了親本ZH11與gs3/gw8/gs9分別與劉耀光院士團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)制的“赤晶米”種質(zhì)的天然異交率,結(jié)果表明gs3/gw8/gs9的異交率大大提高。為了驗(yàn)證這些基因的遺傳修飾能否增加水稻不育系的雜交制種產(chǎn)量,在低柱頭外露率的秈稻不育系Zhu6S(柱頭外露率<25%)背景下利用CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯技術(shù)創(chuàng)制了這三個(gè)基因的功能缺失突變體材料(Edited Zhu6S)。Edited Zhu6S柱頭外露率顯著提高(60%以上)。進(jìn)一步對Edited Zhu6S進(jìn)行田間雜交制種實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)Edited Zhu6S雜交制種產(chǎn)量顯著高于野生型,相對于野生型(~25%)提高了一半。這些結(jié)果顯示GS3、GW8GS9在改良水稻柱頭外露率及增加雜交制種產(chǎn)量上的重要應(yīng)用價(jià)值。


                基因列表
                  異三聚體G蛋白γ亞基; 粒長粒重主效控制基因; 耐熱性; 花柱長度 GS3; TT2; OsSYL3
                  Squamosa啟動子結(jié)合蛋白; 粒重基因 qGW8; OsSPL16
                  粒形 GS9
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