Interfering TAL effectors of Xanthomonas oryzae neutralize R-gene-mediated plant disease resistance

                12.124
                Zhiyuan Ji, Chonghui Ji, Bo Liu, Lifang Zou, Gongyou Chen, Bing Yang
                Nature Communications, 2016, 7 : 13435  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13435;      追溯原文......本站官方QQ群:62473826
                1 School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
                2 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 1035C Roy J. Carver Co-Lab, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.

                Plant pathogenic bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas possess transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) that activate transcription of disease susceptibility genes in the host, inducing a state of disease. Here we report that some isolates of the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae use truncated versions of TALEs (which we term interfering TALEs, or iTALEs) to overcome disease resistance. In comparison with typical TALEs, iTALEs lack a transcription activation domain but retain nuclear localization motifs and are expressed from genes that were previously considered pseudogenes. We show that the rice gene Xa1, encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein, confers resistance against X. oryzae isolates by recognizing multiple TALEs. However, the iTALEs present in many isolates interfere with the otherwise broad-spectrum resistance conferred by Xa1. Our findings illustrate how bacterial effectors that trigger disease resistance in the host can evolve to interfere with the resistance process and, thus, promote disease.

                稻黃單胞菌iTALE克服水稻抗病性新機(jī)制

                植物病害發(fā)生是病原物侵染引起的,防控植物病害最為經(jīng)濟(jì)、有效和安全的措施是培育和種植抗病品種。在植物-病原物長期進(jìn)化中,植物通過膜上受體(PRR)識別病原物相關(guān)分子模式(PAMP),激發(fā)PAMP觸發(fā)的免疫反應(yīng)(PTI),構(gòu)成植物防御的第一屏障。為了克服PTI,病原物產(chǎn)生大量的效應(yīng)蛋白(Effectors)來抑制寄主植物的PTI,作用于植物的感病基因(S),使得植物發(fā)?。‥TS)。植物為了生存,進(jìn)化產(chǎn)生抗病基因(R)識別病原菌的效應(yīng)蛋白,激發(fā)效應(yīng)蛋白觸發(fā)的免疫反應(yīng)(ETI),構(gòu)成第二道防御屏障。這種“道高一尺魔高一丈”的策略,構(gòu)成了植物-病原物互作中的長期軍備競賽特征。但至今,有關(guān)病原物產(chǎn)生新的效應(yīng)蛋白克服ETI從而使植物抗病性喪失的機(jī)制還少見報道。陳功友研究組長期從事模式生物稻黃單胞菌(Xanthomonas oryzae)效應(yīng)蛋白誘導(dǎo)水稻產(chǎn)生抗病性或者感病性的機(jī)理研究,近10年來的系統(tǒng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),稻黃單胞菌中通過III型分泌系統(tǒng)分泌的轉(zhuǎn)錄活化類似因子(transcriptional activator-like effector, TALE),可誘導(dǎo)水稻產(chǎn)生抗病性或感病性。
                  稻黃單胞菌基因組中存在兩種類型的TALE,一類是具有典型結(jié)構(gòu)的TALE,一類是不具有典型結(jié)構(gòu)的iTALE(interfering TALE)。任一具有典型結(jié)構(gòu)的TALE,可激活Xa1這類NBS-LLRR結(jié)構(gòu)的R基因,從而使水稻對病原菌產(chǎn)生抗性,而非典型結(jié)構(gòu)的iTALE,則抑制Xa1介導(dǎo)的抗病性,從而使水稻感病。在相關(guān)機(jī)制上,iTALE通過核定位信號(NLS)進(jìn)入水稻細(xì)胞核,借助N-端和C-端的特有結(jié)構(gòu)抑制Xa1介導(dǎo)的抗性。更為重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是,凡是存在iTALE的稻黃單胞菌均能克服Xa1介導(dǎo)的抗病性。這些發(fā)現(xiàn),得益于稻黃單胞菌20個左右TALE基因敲除體系的建立。以上研究結(jié)果,為進(jìn)一步利用Xa1抗病基因培育廣譜抗病性水稻或者抗其他由黃單胞菌引起的作物病害奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。
                  該研究結(jié)果的科學(xué)意義還在于,典型結(jié)構(gòu)的TALE和非典型結(jié)構(gòu)的iTALE可能在生物學(xué)功能上有所不同。典型結(jié)構(gòu)的TALE一般是通過其RVD結(jié)合在抗病基因或感病基因的啟動子區(qū)域(EBE),從而誘發(fā)植物產(chǎn)生抗病性或者感病性,這也是后來TALEN技術(shù)進(jìn)行基因編輯的基礎(chǔ)。非典型結(jié)構(gòu)的iTALE,不具有轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的功能,其真正的生物學(xué)功能還有待揭示。這也是世界上發(fā)現(xiàn)iTALE具有抑制植物抗病性并詮釋植物抗病性喪失原因的首例報道。


                基因列表
                  白葉枯病抗性基因 Xa1
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