A Cryptic Inhibitor of Cytokinin Phosphorelay Controls Rice Grain Size

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                Dapu Liu, He Zhao, Yunhua Xiao, Guoxia Zhang, Shouyun Cao, Wenchao Yin, Yangwen Qian, Yanhai Yin, Jinsong Zhang, Shouyi Chen, Chengcai Chu, Hongning Tong
                Molecular Plant, 2022, 15(2): 293-307  DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.09.010;      追溯原文......本站官方QQ群:62473826
                cytokinin; brassinosteroid; grain size; signaling; PPKL1; rice
                a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
                b State Key Lab of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
                c University of Kassel, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Nordbahnhof Strasse 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
                d Georg-Augist University of G?ttingen, Department of Agricultural Soil Science, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, G?ttingen, Germany
                e Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, 420049 Kazan, Agro-Technological Institute, RUDN University, 117198, Moscow, Russia

                Plant hormone cytokinin signals through histidine-aspartic acid (H-D) phosphorelay to regulate plant growth and development. While it is well known that the phosphorelay involves histidine kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HPs), and response regulators (RRs), how this process is regulated by external components remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that protein phosphatase with kelch-like domains (PPKL1), known as a signaling component of steroid hormone brassinosteroid, is actually a cryptic inhibitor of cytokinin phosphorelay in rice (Oryza sativa). Mutation at a specific amino acid D364 of PPKL1 activates cytokinin response and thus enlarges grain size in a semi-dominant mutant named s48. Overexpression of PPKL1 containing D364, either with the deletion of the phosphatase domain or not, rescues the s48 mutant phenotype. PPKL1 interacts with OsAHP2, one of authentic HPs, and D364 resides in a region resembling the receiver domain of RRs. Accordingly, PPKL1 can utilize D364 to suppress OsAHP2-to-RR phosphorelay, whereas mutation of D364 abolishes the effect. This function of PPKL1 is independent of the phosphatase domain that is required for brassinosteroid signaling. Importantly, editing of the D364-residential region produces a diversity of semi-dominant mutations associated with variously increased grain sizes. Further screening of the edited plants enables the identification of two genotypes that confer significantly improved grain yield. Collectively, our study uncovers a noncanonical cytokinin signaling suppressor and provides a robust tool for seed rational design.

                一種細(xì)胞分裂素磷脂酶抑制因子控制水稻籽粒大小

                植物激素細(xì)胞分裂素信號通過組氨酸-天冬氨酸(H-D)磷酸接力傳遞調(diào)節(jié)植物生長發(fā)育。眾所周知,磷酸接力傳遞過程涉及組氨酸激酶、組氨酸磷酸轉(zhuǎn)移蛋白(HPs)和應(yīng)答調(diào)節(jié)因子(RRs),但這一過程如何受外部成分調(diào)控尚不清楚。在水稻中,細(xì)胞分裂素可以顯著調(diào)控穗粒數(shù),而對粒重或籽粒大小的調(diào)控功能也不清楚。本文鑒定到一個具有Kelch樣結(jié)構(gòu)域的蛋白磷酸酶PPKL1,被認(rèn)為是類固醇激素油菜素甾醇信號的組分,實(shí)際上是水稻細(xì)胞分裂素磷脂酶的隱性抑制因子。半顯性突變體s48中PPKL1特定氨基酸D364的變異,激活了細(xì)胞分裂素應(yīng)答反應(yīng),從而籽粒增大。過表達(dá)含有D364的PPKL1,無論磷酸酶結(jié)構(gòu)域是否缺失,都可以挽救s48突變表型。
                  研究人員通過大規(guī)模誘變,篩選到一個大粒突變體s48并克隆了突變體基因PPKL1,發(fā)現(xiàn)其與之前報道的控制水稻籽粒大小的基因GL3.1在同一位點(diǎn)突變,但導(dǎo)致了氨基酸的不同變化。與RR蛋白類似,PPKL1可與組氨酸磷酸轉(zhuǎn)移蛋白AHP2蛋白直接互作,并且D364位點(diǎn)所在區(qū)域與RR蛋白的磷酸基團(tuán)接受域的氨基酸組成和序列十分相似,然而D364并不能像RR蛋白一樣接收磷酸基團(tuán)。當(dāng)PPKL1-D364存在時,D364位點(diǎn)通過引誘組氨酸磷酸轉(zhuǎn)移蛋白AHP2上的磷酸基團(tuán),降低從AHP2向細(xì)胞分裂素響應(yīng)因子RR21蛋白的磷酸傳遞效率,抑制水稻籽粒發(fā)育。而D364突變后對磷酸傳遞沒有影響,相應(yīng)地籽粒顯著增大。PPKL1-D364可能作為細(xì)胞分裂素信號的關(guān)鍵抑制因子,避免水稻籽粒的過度發(fā)育。
                  水稻中PPKL家族包含三個成員,均能干擾細(xì)胞分裂素磷酸中繼信號,具有冗余功能。PPKL1-D364的突變喪失了對磷酸中繼的抑制功能,但由于突變蛋白仍占據(jù)與AHP2互作位置,從而通過顯性負(fù)調(diào)控機(jī)制組成型激活細(xì)胞分裂素信號,導(dǎo)致籽粒顯著增大。以水稻品種空育131為材料,對D364所在區(qū)域進(jìn)行原位基因編輯,獲得多個非移碼突變基因型,可不同程度地增大籽粒,且與D364突變一樣均為半顯性,部分基因型可顯著增產(chǎn)。該研究中研究人員共創(chuàng)制了千粒重從20 g到38 g漸次分布的水稻材料,暗示PPKL1在作物精準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)育種中具有巨大應(yīng)用潛力。
                  有趣的是,PPKL家族是油菜素內(nèi)酯主信號通路中的重要組分,其羧基端的磷酸酶區(qū)域?qū)τ筒怂貎?nèi)酯信號傳遞是必需的。D364位點(diǎn)位于氨基端,其對細(xì)胞分裂素信號的抑制并不依賴于磷酸酶活性,暗示PPKL1可能介導(dǎo)了兩大植物激素間的相互作用,為理解油菜素內(nèi)酯調(diào)控細(xì)胞分裂的功能提供了線索。PPKL家族蛋白對細(xì)胞分裂素信號的抑制作用可能是一個古老的功能,其功能位點(diǎn)隱藏在油菜素內(nèi)酯信號組分中,發(fā)掘并利用其對作物進(jìn)行分子設(shè)計(jì)改良具有重大應(yīng)用價值。


                基因列表
                  蛋白絲氨酸/蘇氨酸磷酸酶; 細(xì)胞分裂素磷脂酶抑制因子 GL3.1; qGL3-1; qGL3; OsPPKL1
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